Back to Top
NETL Logo

About

Mission and Overview Visit NETL Contact NETL Key Staff History Awards and Recognition Environmental Quality NETL Logo

News and Events

News Stories Events Conference Proceedings

Education

Internship & Fellowship Programs STEM Education and Outreach

Research and Programs

Carbon Management Point Source Carbon Capture Carbon Dioxide Removal Carbon Dioxide Conversion Carbon Transport & Storage Hydrogen with Carbon Management
Resource Sustainability Methane Mitigation Technologies Minerals Sustainability Natural Gas Decarbonization and Hydrogen Technologies Advanced Remediation Technologies Energy Asset Transformation
Core Competencies Computational Science and Engineering Energy Conversion Engineering Geological and Environmental Systems Materials Engineering and Manufacturing Strategic Systems Analysis and Engineering Program Execution and Integration
Featured Infrastructure METALLIC
Key Lab Initiatives Advanced Alloys Signature Center (AASC) Science-based Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Institute (SAMI) Center for Microwave Chemistry (CMC) Center for Fuels and Chemicals (CFC)
Energy Technology Development Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Battery Workforce Initiative Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response Office of Electricity
University Training & Research Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Minority Serving Institutions Program University Carbon Research Program

Business

Work with Us

business researcher image
Solicitations and Funding Opportunities Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Prizes and Challenges Careers Business Forms Site Support Electronic Reading Room Unsolicited Proposals Available Property Partnering with NETL Regional Workforce Initiative Small Business Corner
Technology Transfer Agreements Licensing Success Stories Available Technologies FAQ

Library

Explore our Library

business researcher image
Approved Categorical Exclusions Environmental Assessments Environmental Impact Statements Oil and Gas Projects Summaries NETL Fact Sheets NETL Newsletters Publication Search Energy Data Exchange (EDX) FECM External R&D Final Technical Reports Project Landing Page Summary Information for External R&D Awards NETL R&D Publication Search Peer Review Reports
Energy Analysis

Gas Turbine Handbook

Gas Turbine Handbook Cover

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • Acknowledgements
  • Updated Author Contact Information
  • Introduction – Rich Dennis, Turbines Technology Manager
  • 1.1 Simple and Combined Cycles – Claire Soares
    • 1.1-1 Introduction
    • 1.1-2 Applications
    • 1.1-3 Applications versatility
    • 1.1-4 The History of the Gas Turbine
    • 1.1-5 Gas Turbine, Major Components, Modules, and systems
    • 1.1-6 Design development with Gas Turbines
    • 1.1-7 Gas Turbine Performance
    • 1.1-8 Combined Cycles
    • 1.1-9 Notes
  • 1.2 Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) – Massod Ramezan and Gary Stiegel
    • 1.2-1 Introduction
    • 1.2-2 The Gasification Process
    • 1.2-3 IGCC Systems
    • 1.2-4 Gasifier Improvements
    • 1.2-5 Gas Separation Improvements
    • 1.2-6 Conclusions
    • 1.2-7 Notes
  • 1.2.1 Different Types of Gasifiers and Their Integration with Gas Turbines – Jeffrey Phillips
    • 1.2.1-1 Introduction
    • 1.2.1-2 Generic Types of Gasifiers
    • 1.2.1-3 Other Design Options
    • 1.2.1-4 Integrating with a Combined Cycle
    • 1.2.1-5 Commercially Available Large-Scale Gasifiers
    • 1.2.1-6 Near-Commercial Gasifiers of Interest
    • 1.2.1-7 Conclusions
    • 1.2.1-8 Notes
  • 1.2.2 Implications of CO2 Sequestration for Gas Turbines – Ashok Rao
    • 1.2.2-1 Introduction
    • 1.2.2-2 Implications for Gas Turbines
    • 1.2.2-3 Conclusions
    • 1.2.2-4 Notes
  • 1.3.1.1 Graz Cycle - a Zero Emission Power Plant of Highest Efficiency – Franz Heitmeir, Herbert Jericha, Wolfgang Sanz
    • 1.3.1.1-1 Introduction
    • 1.3.1.1-2 Cycle configuration and thermodynamic layout
    • 1.3.1.1-3 Turbomachinery Design
    • 1.3.1.1-4 Economic Evaluation
    • 1.3.1.1-5 Conclusions
    • 1.3.1.1-6 Abbreviations and Appendix
    • 1.3.1.1-7 Notes
  • 1.3.1.2 Clean Energy Systems – Fermin 'Vic' Viteri
    • 1.3.1.2-1 Introduction
    • 1.3.1.2-2 The CES Zero Emissions Power Plant
    • 1.3.1.2-3 ASU and Turbine Compressor Matching
    • 1.3.1.2-4 Effect of Drive Gases on Gas Turbine Operating Parameters
    • 1.3.1.2-5 Effect of Coolant on Gas Turbine Blade Temperatures
    • 1.3.1.2-6 Gas Turbine Operation with CES Gases versus Air-Breathing Gases
    • 1.3.1.2-7 Turbine Materials Issues
    • 1.3.1.2-8 Integrated Plant Concepts
    • 1.3.1.2-9 Performance
    • 1.3.1.2-10 Conclusions
    • 1.3.1.2-11 Notes
  • 1.3.1.3 Hydrogen-Fueled Power Systems – Wen-Ching Yang
    • 1.3.1.3-1 Introduction
    • 1.3.1.3-2 The High Temperature Steam Cycle (HTSC) Power System
    • 1.3.1.3-3 The New Rankine Cycle
    • 1.3.1.3-4 The Rankine Cycle with Reheat And Recuperation
    • 1.3.1.3-5 Developmental Requirements
    • 1.3.1.3-6 Conclusions
    • 1.3.1.3-7 Notes
  • 1.3.2 Advanced Brayton Cycles – Ashok Rao
    • 1.3.2-1 Introduction
    • 1.3.2-2 Gas Turbine Technology
    • 1.3.2-3 Conclusions
    • 1.3.2-4 Notes
  • 1.3.3 Partial Oxidation Gas Turbine (POGT) Cycles – Joseph K. Rabovitser, Ph.D., Serguei Nester, Ph.D.
    • 1.3.3-1 Introduction
    • 1.3.3-2 Background
    • 1.3.3-3 Overview
    • 1.3.3-4 POGT Applications
    • 1.3.3-5 Conclusions
    • 1.3.3-6 Acronyms and Abbreviations
    • 1.3.3-7 Notes
  • 1.4 Hybrid Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Systems – Jack Brouwer
    • 1.4-1 Introduction
    • 1.4-2 Background
    • 1.4-3 Fuel Cell Technology
    • 1.4-4 Hybrid Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Concept
    • 1.4-5 Early Hybrid Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Developments
    • 1.4-6 Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Systems
    • 1.4-7 Hybrid System Control
    • 1.4-8 Research & Development Needs for Hybrid Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Systems
    • 1.4-9 Acknowledgments
    • 1.4-10 Notes
  • 2.0 Axial-Flow Compressors – Meherwan P. Boyce
    • 2.0-1 Introduction
    • 2.0-2 Blade and Cascade Nomenclature
    • 2.0-3 Elementary Airfoil Theory
    • 2.0-4 Laminar-Flow Airfoils
    • 2.0-5 Energy Increase
    • 2.0-6 Velocity Triangles
    • 2.0-7 Degree of Reaction
    • 2.0-8 The Deviation Rule
    • 2.0-9 Compressor Operation Characteristics
    • 2.0-10 Compressor Performance Parameters
    • 2.0-11 Performance Losses in an Axial-Flow Compressor
    • 2.0-12 New Developments in Axial Flow Compressors
    • 2.0-13 Recent Advances and Research Requirements
    • 2.0-14 Compressor Blade Material
    • 2.0-15 Acknowledgements
    • 2.0-16 Bibliography
  • 3.1 Key Combustion Issues Associated with Syngas and High-Hydrogen Fuels – Vincent McDonell
    • 3.1-1 Key Combustion Issues Associated with Syngas and High-Hydrogen Fuels
    • 3.1-2 Notes
  • 3.1.1 Static and Dynamic Combustion stability – Timothy C. Lieuwen
    • 3.1.2-1 Introduction
    • 3.1.2-2 Static Stability
    • 3.1.2-3 Dynamic Stability
    • 3.1.2-4 Notes
  • 3.2 Combustion Strategies for Syngas and High-Hydrogen Fuel – Pete Strakey, Nate Weiland, Geo Richards
    • 3.2-1 Introduction
    • 3.2-2 NOx formation
    • 3.2-3 Diffusion flame combustor
    • 3.2-4 Lean Direct Injection
    • 3.2-5 Highly-strained diffusion flame combustors
    • 3.2-6 Premixed Combustion
    • 3.2-7 Tuning and Combustor Control
    • 3.2-8 Oxy-Fuel Combustion
    • 3.2-9 Notes
  • 3.2.1.1 Conventional Type Combustion – Scott Samuelsen
    • 3.2.1.1-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.1.1-2 Combustor Features
    • 3.2.1.1-3 Primary Zone
    • 3.2.1.1-4 Secondary Zone
    • 3.2.1.1-5 Dilution Zone
    • 3.2.1.1-6 Heat Transfer
    • 3.2.1.1-7 Combustor Configurations
    • 3.2.1.1-8 Notes
  • 3.2.1.2 Lean Pre-Mixed Combustion – Bill Bender
    • 3.2.1.2-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.1.2-2 Emissions Overview
    • 3.2.1.2-3 Regulatory Overview
    • 3.2.1.2-4 Combustion Principles
    • 3.2.1.2-5 Combustor Designs
    • 3.2.1.2-6 LPM Technological Challenges
    • 3.2.1.2-7 LPM Future Developments
    • 3.2.1.2-8 Dual Fuel Operation
    • 3.2.1.2-9 Fuel Variability Concerns
    • 3.2.1.2-10 Background Information
    • 3.2.1.2-11 Nitrogen Oxide Formation
    • 3.2.1.2-12 Conclusions
    • 3.2.1.2-13 Notes
  • 3.2.1.3 Rich Burn, Quick-Mix, Lean Burn (RQL) Combustor – Scott Samuelsen
    • 3.2.1.3-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.1.3-2 Quick-Mix Zone
    • 3.2.1.3-3 Formation of Nitrogen Oxide
    • 3.2.1.3-4 Conclusions
    • 3.2.1.3-5 Notes
  • 3.2.1.4.1 Trapped Vortex Combustion – Robert Steele
    • 3.2.1.4.1-1 Trapped Vortex Combustion
    • 3.2.1.4.1-2 The Challenges of IGCC Gas Turbine Combustion
    • 3.2.1.4.1-3 Combustion of Syngas
    • 3.2.1.4.1-4 DOE NETL IGCC Turbine Program
    • 3.2.1.4.1-5 Trapped Vortex Combustion – Breakthrough Technology
    • 3.2.1.4.1-6 TVC Development
    • 3.2.1.4.1-7 Notes
  • 3.2.1.4.2 Low Swirl Combustion – Robert K. Cheng
    • 3.2.1.4.3-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.1.4.3-2 Principle of Low-swirl Combustion and Technology Transfer History
    • 3.2.1.4.3-3 Scaling rules and engineering guidelines
    • 3.2.1.4.3-4 Flowfield characteristics and the their relevance to flame stability
    • 3.2.1.4.3-5 Development of low-swirl injectors for natural gas turbines
    • 3.2.1.4.3-6 Development of LSI for IGCC
    • 3.2.1.4.3-7 Conclusions
    • 3.2.1.4.3-8 Notes
  • 3.2.2 Catalytic Combustion – Dr. Lance Smith, Dr. Hasan Karim, Dr. Shahrokh Etemad, Dr. William C. Pfefferle
    • 3.2.2-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.2-2 Role of Catalysis in Combustion
    • 3.2.2-3 Catalyst Materials for Combustion Applications
    • 3.2.2-4 Systems for Catalytic Combustion
    • 3.2.2-5 Challenges for Catalytic Combustion
    • 3.2.2-6 Conclusions
    • 3.2.2-7 Notes
  • 3.2.2.1 Fuel-Rich Catalytic Combustion – Dr. Lance Smith, Dr. Hasan Karim, Dr. Shahrokh Etemad, Dr. William C. Pfefferle
    • 3.2.2.1-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.2.1-2 Fuel-Rich Catalyst Systems
    • 3.2.2.1-3 Rich-Catalytic Lean-burn (RCL®) Combustion
    • 3.2.2.1-4 Performance and Operating Characteristics of RCL® Combustion
    • 3.2.2.1-5 Full-Scale Full-Pressure Test at Solar Turbines
    • 3.2.2.1-6 Sub-Scale Test Data for Hydrocarbon Fuels
    • 3.2.2.1-7 Engine Test Results
    • 3.2.2.1-8 Ultra-Low NOx Combustion of Coal-Derived Syngas and High-Hydrogen Fuels
    • 3.2.2.1-9 Sub-Scale Test Data for Syngas Fuel
    • 3.2.2.1-10 Sub-Scale Test Data for High-Hydrogen and Low-Btu Fuels
    • 3.2.2.1-11 Technology Status and Outlook
    • 3.2.2.1-12 Conclusions
    • 3.2.2.1-13 Notes
  • 3.2.2.2 Catalytic Combustion in Large Frame Industrial Gas Turbines – Ray Laster
    • 3.2.2.2-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.2.2-2 Catalytic Combustion Design
    • 3.2.2.2-3 Rich Catalytic Combustion Applied to Large Gas Turbine Engines
    • 3.2.2.2-4 Conclusions
    • 3.2.2.2-5 Notes
  • 3.2.2.3 Surface Stabilized Combustion – Neil McDougald
    • 3.2.3-1 Introduction
    • 3.2.3-2 Technology
    • 3.2.3-3 Experimental Results
    • 3.2.3-4 Conclusions
    • 3.2.3-5 Notes
  • 4.1 Turbine Cooling Design Analysis – Karen Thole
    • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2.1 Cooling Design Analysis – Ron S. Bunker
    • 4.2.1-1 Introduction
    • 4.2.1-2 Level 0 – Preliminary Cooling Design Analysis
    • 4.2.1-3 Level 1 – Conceptual Cooling Design Analysis
    • 4.2.1-4 Three-Dimensional Analysis
    • 4.2.1-5 Level 2 – Detailed Component and System Cooling Design Analysis
    • 4.2.1-6 Turbine Secondary Cooling Circuit Analyses
    • 4.2.1-7 Level 3 – Transient Operational Cooling Design Analysis
    • 4.2.1-8 Notes
  • 4.2.2.1 Airfoil Film Cooling – David Bogard
    • 4.2.2.1-1 Introduction
    • 4.2.2.1-2 Fundamentals of Film Cooling Performance
    • 4.2.2.1-3 Correlations of Film Cooling Performance
    • 4.2.2.1-4 Effects of Hole Geometry and Configuration on film Cooling Performance
    • 4.2.2.1-5 Airfoil Surface Effects on Film Cooling Performance
    • 4.2.2.1-6 Mainstream Effects on Film Cooling Performance
    • 4.2.2.1-7 Airfoil Leading Edge Film Cooling
    • 4.2.2.1-8 Notes
  • 4.2.2.2 Enhanced Internal Cooling of Turbine Blades and Vanes – Je-Chin Han and Lesley M. Wright
    • 4.2.2.2-1 Introduction
    • 4.2.2.2-2 Enhanced Internal Cooling of Turbine Vanes
    • 4.2.2.2-3 Enhanced Internal Cooling of Turbine Blades
    • 4.2.2.2-4 Concluding Remarks
    • 4.2.2.2-5 Notes
  • 4.2.3 Airfoil Endwall Heat Transfer – Karen Thole
    • 4.2.3-1 Introduction
    • 4.2.3-2 Theoretical Development of Endwall Flows
    • 4.2.3-3 Endwall Heat Transfer
    • 4.2.3-4 Endwall Film-Cooling
    • 4.2.3-5 Leading Edge Modifications
    • 4.2.3-6 Other Relevant Vane Endwall Studies
    • 4.2.3-7 Blade Tip Heat Transfer
    • 4.2.3-8 Notes
  • 4.3 Turbine Blade Aerodynamics – Sumanta Acharya
    • 4.3-1 Introduction
    • 4.3-2 Flow Field in the Mid-span Region
    • 4.3-3 Flow Field in the Endwall Region
    • 4.3-4 Development and Structure of Secondary Flows in the Passage
    • 4.3-5 Pressure Loss
    • 4.3-6 Aerodynamics of 2-D Vane Cascade
    • 4.3-7 Aerodynamics of 3-D Cascade
    • 4.3-8 Aerodynamics with Passage Modifications
    • 4.3-9 Notes
  • 4.4 Heat Transfer Analysis – Frank J. Cunha
    • 4.4-1 Introduction
    • 4.4-2 Heat Transfer Requirements
    • 4.4-3 Gas Heat Transfer
    • 4.4-4 Gas Temperature Transverse Quality
    • 4.4-5 Airfoil Thermal Load
    • 4.4-6 Leading Edge Thermal Load
    • 4.4-7 Coolant Heat Transfer
    • 4.4-8 Film Cooling
    • 4.4-9 Trip Strips or Turbulence Promoters for Cooling Passages
    • 4.4-10 Impingement Cooling for Cross-Over Holes and Inserts
    • 4.4-11 Pin-Fin or Pedestals for Trailing Edge Cooling
    • 4.4-12 Bulk Temperatures for Cooling Passages
    • 4.4-13 Thermal-Mechanical Aspects of Durability
    • 4.4-14 Conclusions
    • 4.4-15 Notes
  • 4.4.1 Buckets and Nozzles – Stephen J. Balsone
    • 4.4.1-1 Introduction
    • 4.4.1-2 Background
    • 4.4.1-3 Process Development – Investment Casting of DS and SX Alloys
    • 4.4.1-4 Process Development – High Gradient Casting
    • 4.4.1-5 Alloy Development – Buckets
    • 4.4.1-6 Alloy Development – Nozzles
    • 4.4.1-7 Materials Performance
    • 4.4.1-8 Conclusions
    • 4.4.1-9 Notes
  • 4.4.2 Protective Coatings for Gas Turbines – Kang N Lee
    • 4.4.2-1 Introduction
    • 4.4.2-2a Coatings for Superalloy Components
    • 4.4.2-2b Bond Coat
    • 4.4.2-2c Top Coat
    • 4.4.2-2d Failure Mechanisms of TBC
    • 4.4.2-3a Coatings for Ceramic Components
    • 4.4.2-3b Processing
    • 4.4.2-3c Testing
    • 4.4.2-3d Bond Coat
    • 4.4.2-3e Top Coat
    • 4.4.2-4 Conclusions
    • 4.4.2-5 Notes
  • 5.0 Turbine System Economics and Reliability, Availability & Maintainability (RAM) – Bonnie Marini
    • 5.0-1 Introduction
    • 5.0-2 The Power Market Drivers
    • 5.0-3 The Economics of Making Electricity
    • 5.0-4 Operating Strategies and Options
    • 5.0-5 Conclusions
    • 5.0-6 Notes
  • 6.0.1 The DOE Turbine Program: Overall Program Description – Richard Dennis
  • 6.0.2 NETL Internal Combustion and Turbine Research – George Richards
  • 6.0.3 The University Turbine Systems Research (UTSR) Program – William H. Day, Richard A. Wenglarz, and Lawrence P. Golan
    • 6.0.3-1 Introduction
    • 6.0.3-2 The Challenge of Synfuels
    • 6.0.3-3 Gas Turbine Industrial Fellowship
    • 6.0.3-4 Notes